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2ncl COPY, 
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Chap. Copyright No. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



OUTLIN^ES 



OF 



LATIN ELEMENTS, 



G. WrACLYON, A. B., M. D. 



PROFESSOR OF I,ATIN, 

Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pa. 



HUNTINGDON, PA.: 

J. L. RUPERT, BOOK AND JOU PRINTER. 

1898. 






fA 



«1 



,v^ 



2()H96 



Copyright, 1898, by 
G. W. A. LYON. 



'OnOPlcvi 9i»;Jc4^ 



^^1 




INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



N. B. — The numbers refer to the sections. 

Ablative, Rules, 91-109; Absolute, 54, no, 140, 143. 

Accusative, Rules, 82-90, 139; and Inf., 117, 139, 146, 160. 

Adjectives, 11-13, 138, 3^, 165; Clauses, 115. 

Adverb, 140, 166; as prepositions, 133. 

And, 112. 

As, 126. 

But, III. 

Case (see rules); Endings, i-io. 

Characteristic Vowel, 33-38. 

Clauses: Causal 124; Conditional 125; Concessive 128; 

Temporal 45, 127. 
Comparative, 140. 

Complement, 139; Attribute, 138, 3<2; 139. 
Connective, 111-128, 136, 174. 
Dative, Rules, 72-81, 149, 171. 
English into Latin, 150-175. 
For Clauses, 122. 
Future Tense, 63. 
Genitive, Rules, 68-71. 
Gerund, 55, 57, 59. 
Gerundive, 56, 58. 
Have, 149, 171. 
Imperative, 47, 172. 
Indicative, 41. 

Infinitive, 48-53, 159; Complementary, 139. 
Intervening words, 142. 
Latin into English, 134-149. 
Modes, 41-47; Signs, 30, 31, 40. 
Must, 149. 



INDKX OF SUBJECTS, 

Nor, 113. 

Noun, Rules, 153-158, 163; Clauses, 1 16-12 1, 139. 

Or, 114. 

Order for Translating, 135; of Latin Words, 150. 

Ought, 149, 170. 

Participle, 14, 54, 147, 173. 

Past Tenses, 64, 65. 

Periphrastic, Active, 148; Passive, 149, 171. 

Personal Bndings, 31, 39. 

Preposition, 174; with cases, 130-132; English, 176; with 

gerund, 177. 
Principal Parts, 32, 40. 
Pronouns, 15-29, 164; Relative, 115, 144. 
Purpose, 161. 

Questions, Direct, 119, 129; Indirect, 118, 129. 
Quotations, 119. 

Relative Pronouns, 29; Clauses, 115. 
Result Clauses, 45, 121, 162. 
Rules for Cases, 68-109. 
Sequence of Tenses, 66, 67. 
Should, 149, 168. 

Signs, Mode, 30, 31, 40; Tense, 30, 31, 39, 40. 
Stem, Verbal, 32, 39. 
Subject, 137, 138, 3^; Inner, Subject 137. 
Subjunctive, 42-46, 145. 
Superlative, 140. 
Supine, 60, 61. 

Tense, 62-67; Signs, 30, 31, 39, 40. 
That Clauses, 121- 139. 
Therefore, 123. 

Verb, 39, 40, 138, 167; Verb Stem, 32-39. 
Verbal Ending, 31, 39. 
Would, 169. 



ERRATA : 
On page 5, under qualis, read quality instead of quantity. 



PREFACE. 



This little book embodies, in the main, such hints and 
comments upon Latin Accidence as the writer has, after an 
experience of many 3^ears, found useful and practical to 
those in his college classes, and to those whom he has 
prepared for entrance into the leading universities. It is 
intended to supplement the Latin Grammar, by calling 
attention to those points which every student must know ; 
while, inasmuch as obscure and idiomatic expressions are 
alwaj^s explained in text-book notes and references, actual 
tests have shown that these outlines give all information 
necessary for a working knowledge of the language. 



OUTLINES 



OF 



LATIN ELEMENTS. 



TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS. 



SINGULAR. 





I Dec. 


II Dec. 


Notn. 


-a 


-2tS - -21771 


Gen. 


-ae 


-i\ 


Dat. 


-ae 


-0 


Ace. 


-am 


-2im 


Voc. 


-a 


-ej- -21171 


AbL 


-a 


-0 


Noni. 


-ae 


-i - -a 


Gen. 


-ariun 


-Or2L77l 


Dat. 


-isX 


-is 


Ace. 


-as 


-OS - -a 


Voc. 


-ae 


-i - -a 


Abl. 


-is X 


-2S 



none 



none 
none 



III Dec. 

s or none - 

is 

■i 

■ei7i — 

■s or none - 

e or -i 

PLURAL. 



-es - -a {-ia~) 

-U771 (^-i2l77l) 

-ib2is 

-es - -a {-ia) 
-es - -a {-ia) 

-ibiLS 



IV 

-21S - 


Dec. 

- -7C 


-2CS 




-ui - 


-2C 


-21271 - 


-2t 


-21S - 


-2L 


-2L 




-US - 


-2ia 


-2121771 




-2tb2CS 


i-ibus) 


-21 S - 


-2ia 


-2CS - 


-2ia 


-2cbus 


(-ib2is) 



V Dec. 

-es 

-ei 

-ei 

-e77i 

-es 

-e 



-es 

-er2i77i 

-eb2ts 

-es 

-es 

-ebus 



la 



The dat. and abL of dea and filia end in -abus in.stead 
of -is. 
b fNouns in -ins and -ium do not double the i; -ie of the 
vocative becomes -i. 



2 OUTI.INKS OF IvATiN KI.KMKNTS. 

OBSERVATIONS. 

2 The characteristic vowel of the ist declension is a; of 
the 2d is o; of the 3d is e or z; of the 4th is tc; of the 
5th is e. 

3 The ablative singular of each declension ends in the 
characteristic vowel. 

4 The accusative singular of each declension ends in the 
characteristic vowel and -m. 

5 The accusative plural of each declension ends in the 
characteristic vowel and -s. 

6 Neuters form an exception to this principle; for the 
accusative is like the nominative in the singular, and 
both always end in -a in the plural. 

7 In the 3d declension, stems ending in i, al & ar have -i 
in the ablative singular, and -ium in the genitive 
plural. Neuters take -ia instead of -a in the plural. 
Generally the ear is a sufficient guide to determine 
whether to use -ia and -ium. 

8 Masculine and feminine nouns in the 2d declension have 
the ending -us: but stems ending in -er and -ir have 
no nominative singular ending. 

9 The Nominative singular ending in the 3d declension 
is -s or nothing; c (or k) of the stem unites with 
this -s to make x; t (or d) cannot stand before -s, 
and drops out; e. g. noct-s equals nox. 

10 To use this table. Take off the case-ending from the 
word in the text. This gives the stem. To this 
stem add the nominative case-ending according to the 
table and the observations. In forming the Latin 
noun, take the noun as found in the dictionar}^, 
remove the genitive ending as given, and replace it 
by the proper case-ending as given in the table. 



ADJECTIVES. 3 

ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives vary their form to agree with nouns in 
gender, number and case. Consequently ever}^ ad- 
jective has a mascuHne, a feminine, and a neuter 
form. One class has the masculine form of the 2d 
declension, the feminine form of the ist, and the 
neuter form of the 2d. The other class has the 
forms of the 3d declension. This class may have (i) 
all three endings different; (2) the masculine and the 
feminine alike, and the neuter different; (3) the three 
endings alike in the nominative singular. Of these 
last, the ist has -i in the ablative singular; the 2d has 
-i (e), and the 3d has -i or -e. 

Nine adjectives: unus, alius, uUus, nullus, solus, totus, 
alter, uter, neuter — such as are sometimes called 
pronouns — have the pronoun endings -ius and -i in the 
genitive and dative singular respectivel}-. 

Nullus is not to be used with another adjective. Use 
11011 and 2dlus. NuUius and nullo are to be used instead 
of the gen. and abl. of the noun nemo. 

The participle is an adjective. All but the present 
(or -nt) participle have the endings of the ist class, 
i. e. -us, -a, -um. The present participle is of the 3d 
declension, and drops the final -t before the nominative 
ending -s. 






4 OUTlvINKS OF IvATiN KLKMKNTS. 

PRONOUNS. 

15 All pronouns except the personal are adjective, and are 
declined in three genders, and agree like adjectives. 
When standing alone, they have the force of pronouns, 
he, she, it, who &c. When with nouns, they have the 
force of adjectives, this, that, which &c. 

16 When the antecedent is expressed in the relative 
clause, translate the relative as "what," 

17 If a word in the text cannot be readily found in the 
dictionary, look among the pronouns for it. Pronouns 
are so irregular that they should be learned by heart. 

CI. ASSES. 

18 Pkrsonai,. — Sing, ist Ego, 2d Tu, 3d Sui (gen. case), 

Plu. ist Nos, 2d Vos, 3d Sui (gen. case). 

19 Intensive. — Ipse, self; Idem; same. 

20 Reflexive. — Sui. Oblique cases of personal pronouns, 
same as the subject — "self." 

21 Possessive. — ist Mens, 2d Tuus, 3d Suus. 

ist Noster, 2d Vester, 3d Suus. 
Meus has the vocative mi. 

22 Demonstrative. — Hie, referring especially to the 
speaker — "this of mine" , "this in which / am especial- 
ly interested." When used with ille, it means "the 
latter." 

23 Iste, referring especially to the 2d person — "that of 
yours", "that which especially concerns j/^z^," Often 
contemptuous, — "that fellow." 

24 Ille, referring especially to the 3d person — "that of 
his", "that which especially concerns him.'' Used 
with hie, it means "the former." 

25 Is, the unemphatic form, ordinarily used. 

26 ReIvATive. — Qui, Quae, Quod. 

27 Interrogative. — Qui, Quae, Quod, when with a 
noun. Quis, Quae, Quid, when by itself. 
The noun follows in the genitive. 



CORREI.ATION OF PRONOUNS. 



28 



CORREI.ATION OF PRONOUNS. 



Interrogative. 


Indefinite. 


Demonstrative. 


Relative. 


Quis - Qui 
(who? or what?) 


Aliqtiis (some one) 
Quidam (certain) 
Quis, Qui (used for ali- 
quis after si,ne,ornum). 


Hie, Isle, Ille 
Is. (He, this or 
that one) 


Qui ( who ) 


Uier 

(which of two?) 


Uter, alte^'uter 
(either of two) 


Uterque 
(each, both) 


Qui (who) 


Qualis 

(what kind?) 
quantity 


Qualis libet 
(of any kind) 


Talis 
(such) 


Qualis 
(as) 


Quantus 
(how great?) 
quantity 


Aliquaiitus 
(somewhat great) 
Quantus vis 
(as great as you please) 


Tantus 
(so great) 


Quantus 

(as) 


Quot 

(how many?) 


Aliquot 
(some) 


Tot 

(so many) 


Quot 

(as) 



29 The relative always implies the demonstrative: qu- of 
the relative corresponds to t- of the demonstrative. 



m 



m 



6 OUTLINES OF LATIN KLKMKNTS. 

30 TENSE AND MODE SIGNS AND PERSONAI, 
ENDINGS. 





ACTIVE VOICE. 








Indicative. 




Subjunctive. 


Pres. 


no sign 




-a (-e in ist) 


Imp. 


-ba {-eba in 4th) 




-ret 


Fut. 


-hi {-0 or -u) ist & 2d 
-e {-a in ist pers. )3d <S 






L 4th 


1 


Perf. 


General sign 




General sign 




ist. -V 




as above, and 




2d. -^or-F 




Special sign -eri 




3d. -S or none 








4th. -V 






Plup. 


General sign 




General sign 




as above, and 




as above, and 




Special sign -era 




Special sign -isse 


Fut. Perf. 


General sign 










as above, and 








Special sign -cri ( -ero) 






Impv. 


Simple stem 


Part. 


Pres. 


-7lt -s t 




except Die, Dice, 




Fut. 


-tur {us) 




Fae, Fer. 


Sup. 




-t - um 


Inf. Pres. 


-re I 








Fut. 


-hir {us) esse 


Ger. 




-nd - i 


Perf. 


General sign and -isse 






(Gerund) 



X r may change to s (es - se), or to / (vel - le) 
t ^ (^) is dropped before s. 







PASSIVE VOICE. 


7 


31 PASSIVE VOICE. 




Indicative.. 


Subjunctive. 


Pres. 


Like active 


Like active 


Imp. 


( ( ( ( 


( ( << 


Fut. 
Perf. 


( ( ( ( 




General sign -TX^-^is) 

with S21771 


General sign - T J (-//>?) 
with sini 


Plup. 


General sign - 7" J(-2«) 
with era7?i 


General sign - TX{-us) 
with essem 


Fut. Perf. 


General sign - T J (-7cs) 
with ero 






Impv. 

Inf. Pres. - 

Fut. - 

Perf. ( 

■\ 

ITheg 


reX ] 

ri (-Z in the 3d) ] 
tuvi iri 

jeneral sign - T J {-its) \ 
Adth esse 

( 

general sign t may chan^ 


Part. Perf. 
Fut. 

5Up. 

:;>erund. 
^e to s (aus 


General sign 

-TX{-us) 
(see Gerun- 
dive) 

General sign 
-TX{-u) 
-nd {-us) 
(Gerundive) 
,us). 


Personal endings. 
Active. 


Irregular ending 
Perfect tense. 


Personal endings. 
Passive. 


Sing. 

1. (-0) X or -m 

2. -s 

3- -t 

Plu. 


Sing. 

1. (i) X 

2. (i) -sti 

3. (i) -t 

Plu. 


Sing. 

1. -r 

2. -ris or -re 

3. -tur 

Plu. 


1. -mus 

2. -tis 

3. -nt 




1. (i) -mus 

2. (i) -stis 

3. (e) -runt or -n 


1. -mur 

2. -mini 
?3. -ntur 





X N. B. Letters in ( ) are really not endings, but 
connecting vowels. 



8 OUTLINKS OF IvATiN KI.EMKNTS. 

THE VERB STEM. 

32 I. The principal parts are (i) Pres. ind.; (2) Pres. inf.; 
(3) Perf. ind.; (4) Perf. part. pass. 

33 2. From the 3d are formed all perfects active; from the 
4th are formed all perfects passive and future participle 
active; from the 2d all other forms except where the 
present stem differs. 

34 3. The stem is found by taking -re or -ri from the 
infinitive form. It ends in -a, -e or -i. 

35 4. The characteristic vowel of the ist conjugation is a. 
It appears in all verb forms except the ist sing. ind. 

36 5. The characteristic vowel of the 2d is e. It appears in 
all forms in verbs which have -v as general sign, but is 
dropped in all perfects in verbs which have -u as 
general sign. 

37 6. The characteristic vowel of the 3d is e. It is 
lacking except in the imperfects, 2d sing, of present 
paSvSive, 2d sing, of present imperatives, present 
infinitive active, present participle and gerundive; 
where a connecting vowel is needed, i is used. Verbs 
in -io resemble verbs of the 4th conj. in simple tenses. 

38 7. The characteristic vowel of the 3th is i. It appears 
in all forms. 

TO FIND A VERB FORM. 

39 Take off the personal ending of the verb in the text. 
Note that the stem must end in a, e or i (except as 
indicated above). What lies between the stem and the 
ending is the sign. The ending and the sign will give 
the place of the verb according to the table. 

TO OBTAIN THE FORM OF THE LATIN VERB. 

40 Get the stem from the vocabular}^ acccording to 34, 
Add the sign according to the table, observing 4, 5, 6 
and 7. For perfects active take off -i from the 3d of 
the principal parts, and add the special sign as above. 



USK OF MODES. 9 

For perfects passive and future active participle, take 
off -us (-um) from the 4th of the principal parts, and 
add the special sign. To these signs, add the personal 
endings. 

USE OF MODES. 

41 The Indicative expresses a fact, or what is to be 
taken as a fact. 

42 The Subjunctive represents an action as willed or 
desired. — Subjunctive of Desire. Negative is ne. 

43 The Subjunctive represents an action as probable or 
possible. — Potential Subjunctive. Negative is non. 

44 Subjunctive of desire. 

Optative, used in wishes or prayers, ("let") 

Hortative, '' '' entreaties. (*4et") 

Concessive, " " concession. ("grant that") 

Imperative, " " commands and prohibitions, ("let") 

Deliberative, " " deliberative questions. 

45 Subjunctive Clauses, (see table of connectives), — 
Purpose, 

Result, 

Condition, when possible or contrary to reality. 
Causal, when doubtful or on another's authority. 
Temporal, marking the action as desired or conceived, 
or as the mere occasion of the principal action. 

46 The Subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses in 
indirect discourse, and in indirect questions. The 
reason for a subjunctive is given by its connective; 
when it has no connective, translate as "let" or "may". 
(See Subjunctive of Desire). 

47 The Imperative is used as in English. (See Impera- 
tive Subjunctive above). 

48 The Infinitive is used (i) with subject accusative 
after verbs denoting an operation of the mind or senses; 
and as subject of impersonals (See III class con- 
nectives). But if the leading verb denotes mere feeling, 



lo outi,in:es of latin ki.Kmknts. 

it takes an ut clause to denote the purpose or the result 
of the feeling, or a quod clause to emphasize the ground 
of the feeling. (See III class connectives 117-121). 

49 2. The complementary infinitive follows auxiliaries, or 
after other verbs when both verbs express but a single act. 

50 3. Used as subject or as object. 

51 4. Used with adjectives, as phrase modifiers. 

52 5. Rarely to express purpose. (Poetic) 

53 6. The Historical Infinitive is used like the Indicative 
with a subject nominative. It expresses very rapid or 
very energetic action. 

54 Thk Participle is an adjective, but may be modified 
as a verb. As it expresses some relation of time, 
cause, condition or concession, it may be expanded into 
a clause. If this clause be temporal, the connective, 
for present participle, will be "while" or "when"; for 
the past participle, it will be "after" or "when." To 
form the other clauses, use "because", "if" or 
"although" respectively. Very neat translations of the 
participle may be made by thus expanding. If in 
doubt as to which clause to use, try each in succession. 
Moreover, as the participle is an adjective, it may be 
expanded into an adjective (relative) clause. If the 
participle does not agree with the subject in English 
absolute construction, the I^atin uses the ablative 
absolute (no). 

55 Thk Gkrund is a noun, but may be modified as a verb. 

56 Thk Gkrundivk is an adjective. It is another name 
for the Future Passive Participle. Being passive, it 
occurs in transitive verbs only, and in utor, fruor, 
fungor, potior and vescor, originall}^ transitive. 

57 The Gerund emphasises the action, e. g. By reading 
(the poets). 

58 The Gerundive emphasizes the object, e. g. By 
(reading) the poets. 



TKNSK. 1 1 

59 The Gerund (with ad) sometimes expresses purpose. 

60 The Supine in -um, with verbs of motion, expresses 
purpose of the motion. 

61 The Supine in -u, used chiefly after adjectives in -bilis, 
is an ablative of specification. 

TENSE. 

62 The Latin tenses generally resemble the English in 
force. 

63 Future. 

If an action has not yet come to pass, it is generally in 
the future tense in Latin; i. e. the time is relative to the 
time of the speaker. If the action must be completed 
before another action begins, the future perfect is used 
in Latin. The divergences from ordinary English 
usages should be well marked. 

64 Past. 

Not considering the pluperfect, there are three kinds of 
past time: continuous, definite and indefinite. The 
definite answers the question "when?", the indefinite 
cannot. The correspondence of English and Latin 
tenses is as follows: — 

65 EnGIvISH. 

Continuous past time — Imperfect (progressive) 

Definite past time — Imperfect (simple past) 

Indefinite past time — Perfect(with have) 

Latin. 

Continuous past time — Imperfect 

Definite past time — Perfect (definite) 

Indefinite past time — Perfect (indefinite). 

The Latin perfect definite represents the simple past of 

English, while the Latin perfect indefinite represents 

the English perfect with "have." 



12 OUTI^INKS OF I,ATIN KLKMKNTS. 

66 Tenses are classified as Primary and Secondary, as in 
the following: — 

Primary. Skcondary. 

Present Imperfect 

Future Perfect (definite) 

Perfect (indefinite) Pluperfect. 

67 If the leading verb be primary, the subordinate verb 
will be primary: perfect, if occurring before the main 
action; present or future, if not. If the leading verb 
be secondary, the subordinate verb will be secondary: 
perfect or pluperfect, if occurring before the main 
action; imperfect, if not. 

RUI.KS FOR CASES. 

68 Gknitivk (possession or origin). 
I. With Nouns. 

Possessive — originator or possessor. 

Subjective — equivalent to the subject of the leading 

noun if expressed as a verb. 

Objective — equivalent to the object of the leading noun 

if expressed as a verb. 

Partitive — the whole, of which a part (the leading 

noun) is taken. 

Characteristic — value, size, weight, measure, age, etc. 

Apposititional — equivalent to apposition. 

69 2. With Adjectives. 
Of mental qualities. 
Of plenty or want. 

Verbals in -ax and present participles. 
Partitive — with comparatives, superlatives and nu- 
merals- 

70 3. With Verbs. 

Possessor with esse. Translate esse "belongs to" or "is 
the part, character or duty of." 



RULES FOR CASES. 1 3 

Value, with esse and verbs of valuing. **at" or ''of"; 
(also ace. of the thing). 
Pitying, remembering or forgetting. 
Refert and Interest take the genitive of person; for the 
personal pronoun, use the abl. fern. sing, of the posses- 
sive. In addition, a gen. of value is often employed. 
Crime, with verbs of judicial action. (Takes also ace. 
of the person). 
Plenty and Want. 

Cause, with verbs of emotion. These are generally 
impersonal, and take also the ace. of the person. 

71 Locative — If of the ist or 2d declension and singular. 

72 Dative Case — Indirect object; object of desire. 
I. With Verbs. 

Indirect Object. 

Dative of Influence (person for whom) 
Dative of Interest (person for which) 
Dative of Purpose (thing for which) 

Benefit, Serve, Indulge, Threaten. 

Please, Resist, Spare, Believe. 

Command, Trust, Pardon, Persuade, etc. 

73 In general, verbs which signifj^ "to give to" rather 
than "to do to" take the dative. 

74 The prepositions ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, 
pro, sub, super, and sometimes ab, de. and ex, when 
compounded with verbs, take the dative. Translate 
the ace, if any, after the verb part, and the dative after 
the preposition part. 

75 Possessor with esse. Translate esse as "have", the 
dative as subject, and the nominative as object. 

76 Agent, with gerundive. Translate the dative as 
subject, the gerundive as, ought, etc., and the 
nominative as object. (148) 

77 Ethical. The person to whom the action is of special 
interest. Consult the grammar. 



14 OUTI^INKS OF IvATlN KlvEMKNTS. 

78 Double Dative. The person "to", and the thing "for." 
Translate the thing with "as" or without a preposition. 
When the verb esse is followed by a double comple- 
ment, this is the construction to be looked for. If the 
person be omitted, it can be distinguished from the 
Possessor with esse, which treats the dative as if its 
subject. 

79 2. With Adjectives. 

In general, such as take (or imply) to or for between 
the adj. and the noun. 

80 3. With Nouns — derived from verbs which take the 
dative. 

81 4. With Adverbs — derived from adjectives which take 
the dative. 

Accusative Case — (motion towards). 

82 I. With Verbs. 
The Direct Object. 

83 Make, choose, call, show, etc. take two accusatives of 
the same thing, 

84 Ask, demand, teach, conceal, etc. take the ace. of the 
person and the ace. of the thing. 

The thing may be ablative with ab. de, or ex. 

With demand, the thing may be ace. or a clause; the 

person abl. with ab, de or ex. 

85 Extent of Time or of Space. 

86 Place to which; with a preposition, except towns, small 
islands, domus and rus. 

87 Specification. The Greek accusative, "as to". Denotes 
the part affected. 

88 Abverbial. 

89 Exclamation, — whether a single word or a clause. 

90 Subject of Infinitive. 

Place from which; with a preposition, except towns, 
small islands, domus and rus. 

91 Ablative Case — (with, from, in, by). 



CASES. 15 

92 Place iu which; with a preposition except towns, small 
islands, domus and rus. 

93 Separation — "from." 

94 Source — *'from." 

95 Cause— ''by." 

96 Agent — "by" with a or ab. 

97 Means — "by means of." 

98 Time— "in", "on", or "at." 

99 Specification — "in respect to." 

100 Manner — "in", w4th cum, unless modified, 
loi Accompaniment — "with", with cum. 

102 Instrument — "with." 

103 Price (definite), "for" or "at." 

104 Characteristic (when modified, otherwise the genitive), 
—"of." 

105 With comparatives — when quam is omitted. 

106 With comparatives — to express the degree of difference, 
—"by." 

107 After dignus, indignus or contentus, — "of" or "with." 

108 After Utor, Fruor, Fungor, Potior, Vescor. 

109 After verbs of Plenty. 

no Ablative Absoeute. Translate the noun first as 
nominative, then the participle as "being" if present, 
or "having been" if past. 

Or better, expand it into a clause of time, cause, condi- 
tion or concession, according as the context may 
indicate. If the noun with which the participle agrees, 
is the subject, the construction is not ablative absolute. 
(54). 






1 6 OUTI.INKS OF I.ATIN KIvKMKNTS. 

CONNECTIVES. 

Ill First Class. Conjunctions. Require the same construc- 
tion after them as before them. 

AUTKM (postpositive) Contrasts. Adds something 
different. 

SED. Contradicts. Sets aside the former statement. 

VKRUM. Corrects the former statement. 

VKRO (postpositive). Asserts. Emphasizes the pre- 
ceding word. 

AT. "On the other hand". Connects as independent. 

ATQui. Used in argument. 

TAMEN (prepositive; emphatic if postpositive) ; "yet", 
" never- the-less." 

CKTERUM (in historians) "but still. " 

112 

KT connects likes and unlikes. When not connecting, 

means "also." 
-QUE (enclitic). The second word completes the first. 
ATQUE (and moreover). The second word is more 

important than the first. 
AC — weaker than atque. Used for variety with ET to 

sub-divide. Means "than" with comparatives. 
KTIAM — precedes the modified word. Adds a different 

fact, more than expected. 
QUOQUE — follows the modified word. Adds a similar 

fact equal to the first. 
QUiDEM — (With personals, means "for — part.") 

"even", "indeed." 
The three last are not really connectives. They may 

be called intensives. 

113 

O { NEQUE (nec). 



A 

N 
D 



CONNKCTIVKS, 17 

114 



' AUT — "or what is different." Separates essential 

differences. 
VEL — "or what is the same." Separates unimportant 

differences. Often merely intensive, — "even" or 

"very." -VE is enclitic. 
sivE — (vel si) "or you may take 3^our choice." 



115 Second Class. Relatives introducing Adjective Clauses. 
QUI — The antecedent is the first preceding word with 
which it can agree. If the qui clause precedes, the 
following clause should begin with is or idem. When 
qui is eqtuvalent to is and a connective, it follows the 
rule for that connective. In case of two connectives, if 
the first is qui, treat it as if is and use the second as 
connective. 



116 Third Class. Introducing Noun Clauses. Words 
meaning, "that" and interrogatives. 

117 I. t Accusative and Infinitive (without a connective in 
Latin). Complement of verbs denoting an operation of 
the mind or senses; and subject of impersonals, except 
"it happens", "it remains", and a few phrases with 
esse, which take an ut clause as subject. (160). 

118 2. Indirect questions. The connective is an interroga- 
tive, and the verb is subjunctive. 

^19 3- Quotations or direct questions, (with no connective). 
120 4. fUt or quod clauses. The following (except quod) 
are followed by the subjunctive. 



fVolo takes accusative and infinitive to express the 
thing wished; an ut clause to express the purpose of 
the wishing; or the complementary infinitive. (48). 



1 8 OUTlvINES OF IvATiN KIvEMKNTS. 

121 

UT — (acc. of extent) Purpose or Result. With verbs of 
fearing means "that not" or "lest". 

QUO — (abl. of degree) Purpose. Used when a compara- 
tive is in the subordinate sentence. 

QUOMiNUS — (by which the less) Purpose. Used after 
verbs of hindering, when not absolute prevention. 
(See NK). Translate as "from" and English gerund. 

NK — Negative of ut. Purpose. With verbs of fearing 
means "that"; with hindering or preventing, it ex- 
presses absolute pervention. Translate as "from" 
and English gerund. 

UT KON — Negative of ut. Result. 

QUiN — "but that". Generally, when "that" represents 
"i)Ut that"; and after negatives of doubt or 
hindrance. Translate as "from" and English gerund. 

QUI — (ut is) Used instead of ut, to indicate that the 
person or the thing was "of such a character that" 
tlie result ought to follow, — Characteristic relative. 

QUOD — (when "that" represents "because") used in a 
series. Sometimes as a subject clause. 
122 Fourth Class. Introducing Adverb Clauses. 
p f NAM and KNIM — (postpositive). 

O \ NAMQUE and etenim — Supply an ellipsis from the 
R i thought after the et and the -g7ie. 

123 

ERGO — ''consequently." Used in argument. States 

formally a logical conclusion from the foregoing facts. 
IGITUR — (postpositive) Admits the preceding as true; 

brings in a proposition which results as true. Gives 

oi)inions. 
iTAOUE — (postpositive) ' 'and so. " Statement follows as 

a matter of course. A just sequence, rather than a 

logical conclusion. Gives facts. 
INDE — Used in exhorting, proinde. "ideo", on that 

account." idcirco. 



T 
H 
E 
R 
E 
F 
O 
R 
E 



CCNNKCTIVES. 19 

124 

QUOD — t(acc.) Expresses a fact really existing as a 
cause of the main action, especially of feeling; the 
occasion of an action as existing cause. Correlative 
with id, hoc, illud. As ace. of extent of meaning 
(i. e. "as to") is correlative with eo, in hoc.propterea. 
Differs from ace. and inf., which states the ground 
of action as abstract, not as existing. See also Quia. 
Takes ind. when on one's own authority; takes subj. 
when on another's authority. 

QUIA — Expresses the reason of the main action, not 



A ^ something that exists and therefore causes, as does 

Quod. 
QUONiAM — (since now) Asserts the actual existence of 

the reason as already accomplished, or now existing. 

Takes indicative. 
QUANDO — (at any time ever) Expresses a fact as 

allowed or granted. 
CUM — (since) Takes the ind. if an actual occurence; 

takes subj. when the ground of leading action, not 

asserted as a fact. 
^ QUI — (cum is). siquide:m. ut Potk. 



125 



' SI — Takes ind. in both clauses, if assumed as a fact. 
Logical condition. 

Takes present or perf. subj. in both clauses, if 
assumed as possible. Ideal condition. 
Takes imp. or plup. subj. in both clauses, if assumed 
as contrary to reality. Unreal condition. 

The indicative may be used in conclusion, if 
assumed as really true. 
DUMMODO "provided only." 

SIN, SINON, NISI, NI. 

t Distinguish from the relative, by its not having an 
antecedent. 



20 

126 

Af 
127 



T 
K 
M 
P 
O 
R 
A 
I. 



W 
H 
B 

N 



OUTI^INE^ OF IvATiN KLKMENTS. 



UT, vKivUT, QUUM — Take ind. In exclamation, they 
mean "how." Ut is sometimes used in indirect 
questions, meaning "how that." 



CUM — Takes ind., but the imp. or pluperf . subj. 
if the occasion of the main action, or "during 
the time that." With ind. it means "when- 
ever. ' ' 

UT — "as". Expresses the Hmit of time (ace. of 
limit). 

UBI — 

SIMUL — 

QUANDO — "at any time ever." 

QUAMDiu — "the point up to which the time 

extends. ' ' 
DUM — "as long as." donkc and quoad, "as far 

as." 

With ind. they mean "while"; with the subj. 

"until." Take the ind. if a fact; the subj. if a 

mental conception. 



W 
H 

I < 

Iv 

E 



A 
F 
T 
E 
R 

B 

E 

F 

0I 

R 

E 



POSTQUAM — Take the ind. ; 
but subj. in later Latin. 

POSTKAQUAM — 



ANTKQUAM — Take ind. or 
subj. as above. 

PRIUSQUAM — 



If the parts are 
separated do not 
translate the first 
part, until ready 
for the second. 



128 



A 
L 
T 
H 
O 
U 
G 
H 



129 

Q 
u 

K 
S 

O 

N 
S 



CONNECTIVES. 21 



QUAMQUAM — Takes ind. But the subj. may be required 

by general rules. 
CUM — Takes ind. if admitted as actual, otherwise the 

subj. 
LICET — really a verb with ut implied after it. 
ETSi and ETiAMSi — used as in si clauses. 
QUAMVis and quantum libet — Compound words, 

Rarely take ind. 
UT and NE — ''grant that", "grant that not" Take ind. 

if expressing *comparison (as); subj. if expressing 

concession. 



S 

I 

N 

G 

L 

E 

D 
O 
U 
B 
L 
E 



-NE — general question mark. Enclitic. Joined to 
to the important word of the question, general- 
ly the verb, which stands first. In a negative 
question, it is enclitic with non (nonne). 

NUM — question mark. Requires the answer 
•'no." 

UTRUM or -NE "whether" an — "or." The first 

part of the question may be implied only. 
NECNE — "or not." Used in indirect questions. 
annon — "or not." Used in direct questions. 



130 PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 

ad — Toward, at, near, on. 

APUD — before, in presence of, with. 

ante — before, in front of, with. 

CIRCUM — place; circa — place and time; ciRCiTER — time 

(rare). — Around, about. 
CIS— (opposed to trans) ; citra — (opposed to ultra) . On 

this side. 
CONTRA — over against, contrary. 
ERGA — Towards, as^ainst (persons). 
EXTRA — Outside, without, free from, except. 



22 OUTLINES OF LATIN KLHMKNTS. 

INFRA — below, under, less, after, later, (opposed to 
supra) . 

INTER — between, in the midst of. 

INTRA — within, less, below, (opposed to extra). 

OB — before, in way {or view) of, in regard to, on account 
of. 

PER — through, by aid of. 

POST — behind, after. 

PRAETER — before, along, /«5/, {by), beyond, except, be- 
sides, contrary to. 

PROPE — near, near by, in view of, on account of, along 
side, in view of. 

PROPTER — (stronger) very near etc. 

S^CVi^T^VK— following , next, behind, according to, in 
favor of. 

SUPRA — on the top, above, before. 

TRANS — across, on the other side; (see cis). 

ULTRA — beyond, across, more than, after; (see citra). 

USQUE — even to. 

131. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ABI^ATIVE. 

KB^rom, by, in; on the side of, (with persons); by (with 
passives). 

CUM — with. 

DE — down, down from, time, from; at, during, after, con- 
cerning, according. 

EX — out of, from, (place and time) ; on account of, accord- 
ing to. 

PRAE — before, compared with, consequence of, because 
ot. 

PRO — before, in behatf of, for, instead of, as, in accor- 
dance with. 

132 WITH ACCUSATIVE AND ABI.ATIVE. 

IN — acc, i7ito, against, till (time), in, for. 
abl., in, on, at, in, among, upon (place). 



LATIN INTO ENGLISH. 23 

SUB — acc, under, toward, up to, about; directly after or 
before, 
abl., under, at, at foot of, in, about. 
SUBTER — (stronger) acc. (abl. in poetry). 
SUPER — acc, over, upon, above, beyond. 

abl., concerning, (otherwise rare). 

133 ADVERBS AS PREPOSITIONS. 

With acc. proprius, nearer; proxime, very near; pridie, 
the day before, usque, even to; super, above. 
With abl. intus, within; palam, in the presence of, pub- 
licly; procul, at a distance from; simul (poet.), at the 
same time with. 
With acc. or abl. clam, without the knowledge of. 

134 HINTS FOR TRANSLATING LATIN INTO 

ENGLISH. 

The secret of correct translation lies in keeping the 
clauses separate, treating each as a sentence by itself. 
In indirect discourse leading verbs are infinitives, and 
subordinate verbs are subjunctives. Always look for 
the verb first. This is because the ending of the verb 
gives the person and the number of the subject, and in 
compound form, the gender also. The meaning of the 
verb indicates the complement. The leading verb is the 
one without a subordinate connective. If, in looking 
for the verb, a subordinate connective occurs before 
coming to it, skip a verb for each connective met with. 
The leading verb is not subjunctive, unless this should 
occur without a connective. 

135 ORDER IN WHICH WORDS ARE TO BE TRANS- 

LATED:— (138, 3^.) 

( I ) Connective (if any ) . ( 2 ) Nominatives and modifiers. 
But if the verb is neuter, save at least one nominative 
for its complement; should there be but one nominative, 



24 OUTI^INKS OF IvATlN KlvKMKNTS. 

use '*it" or "there" before the neuter verb. (3) Verb 
(The infinitive, save in indirect discourse or historical 
infinitive is not to be so considered). (4) Complement. 
(5) Go back to the beginning and translate the other 
words in order. It is not claimed that this order will 
make the best translation; but it is always safe. 

136 (i) The connective. Consult carefully the table of 
connectives. A relative clause should be translated im- 
mediately after its antecedent. 

137. (2) Subject. Connect with this the adjective, the 
phrase, and relative clause modifiers. 
The position of the subje(5l is at the beginning of the 
sentence. Should it not be there, the preceding words, 
with rare exceptions, are modifiers of it, or else the ab- 
lative absolute, (which see). The former subject is re- 
tained for each new verb, or else a new one will be ex- 
pressed. This rule is rarely violated. When it is de- 
sired that the subject be made indefinite, or when it 
cannot be given, the so-called impersonal construction 
is used. The apparent subject is then "it", but the 
real subject is either a following clause or infinitive, or 
"the inner subjedl"; i. e. a subject formed from the 
meaning of the verb itself. The impersonal verb is 
therefore neuter. This constru(5lion is common with 
the passive periphrastic, especially with gerundives of 
verbs that do not take the accusative. Compare also 
ventum est. 

138 (3) Verb. Be careful to notice the sign and the end- 
ing, so as to get the correct subject, and the proper 
mode and tense. Notice the meaning so as to find its 
complement. Should no verb be expressed, use the 
last verb or supply the proper form of esse. 
(3^) The beginner should be required to set down the 
verb first; or, if there be two verbs, to write them on 
different lines. He should then look for a subjedt as 
required by the verb-ending, placing it, if expressed, be- 



LATIN INTO ENGLISH. 25 

fore the verb. The complement as required by the 
verb should then be written after the verb. Nothing 
should come before the verb, except the connedlive, the 
subje(5l and the subjecft modifiers. The phrases can 
usually be put into their proper place by the use of a 
little judgment. Each clause should be worked out 
separately, and then the whole may be combined to 
make the complete sentence. After the sentence is 
thoroughly understood, a rearrangement may be allow- 
ed. Should a noun be required, (for example, to 
explain the construction of an adjective), use the 
proper form of is. 

139 (4) Complement. 

(i) The Accusative and Infinitive will occur as com- 
plement of verbs denoting an operation of the mind or 
senses. As an apparent complement, occurs the ace. 
and the inf. as subjecft of impersonals, represented by 
it or thefe before the verb. (137). 

(2) Complementary Infinitives, after auxiliaries and 
verbs making a single act with the infinitive. (117 n). 

(3) An ut or quod clause. Distinguish this from 
,the ut or quod subject. (137). 

(4) The accusative or its equivalent, (e. g. 108). 

(5) The attribute complement after neuter verbs, and 
such passives as take two objedls in the a(ftive. (83). 

140 As to other words and phrases, the ablative absolute, 
like a motion to adjourn, is always in order, and should 
be disposed of where it occurs. A simple adverb should 
be read in connection with the verb. 

When no comparison is implied, the comparative of 
adjectives or of adverbs expresses "rather", "too" or 
"somewhat"; the superlative expresses "very." 

141 After the sentence has been rendered as above, it may be 
recast. On completing the first clause, take up the 
next; treat it in the same way, and so on with the 
others. 



26 OUTLINES OF LATIN ELEMENTS. 

142 When two words logically belonging together are 
separated by intervening words or phrases, those 
intervening expressions are modifiers of one of the two 
words. 

143 For the ablative absolute construction, see rules for 
ablative, and participles below (147). 

144 For the relative clause, see Table of Connectives, Class 

n. (115). 

145 Translate the subjunctive as indicative, except in con- 
ditional and purpose clauses, and in statements of doubt. 
If it have no connedlive, translate it as "let" or "may". 

146 Precede the ace. and inf. with "that". Read the ace. 
as if nom., and the inf. as if ind., the present usually 
as past, the perfect as pluperf., and will as would. 

147 The participle is often best translated by expansion into 
a clause of time, cause, condition or concession, or into 
a relative clause. 

148 The future active participle with all the different forms 
of esse, makes the adlive periphrastic conjugation. It 
expressed "would", "going to", "be on the point of," 
etc. 

149 The future passive participle (gerundive) with all the 
different forms of esse makes the passive periphrastic 
conjugation. It expresses "should", ought", "must", 
"is to", "have to", etc., and always implies the dative 
of the agent, which is to be treated as if subject, while 
the real subject is treated as if the obje(5l. It is often 
impersonal, (see 137). 

150 HINTS FOR TRANSI.ATING ENGI.ISH 

INTO LATIN. 

ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS. 

1. Subje(5l and its modifiers following it. 

2. Modifiers of Predicate and the Predicate following 
them. 

This order is affedled b}^ emphasis and euphony. 



ENGLISH INTO LATIN. 27 

Modifiers of a noun follow the noun. With an adj. and 
gen. the order is adj., gen., noun. 

Modifiers of an adj. precede the adje(5live;but any except 
an adverb may follow. 

Modifiers of a verb precede, the one most intimately 
connedled with the verb is placed nearest. If the 
verb comes first, they follow. 

Modifiers of an adverb precede, but the dat. may follow. 
Non precedes the negatived word. 
The demonstrative precedes the noun. 
Prepositions precede the noun; tenus and versus follow. 
They may follow the relative. Cum is enclitic with 
ablative of pers. and rel. pronouns. With adjective 
and noun, the order is adj., prep., noun. 
A gen. or an adv. may come between a prep, and a noun. 
Connectives begin the clause (but see list for post- 
positives). They may follow an emphatic word. Ne 
quidem takes the emphatic word between. -Ne, -que 
and -ve are enclitic. 

151 ARRANGEMENT OF CLAUSES. 

A subordinate clause may be inserted in the principal. 
It may stand first, referring to preceding clause, or 
preparatory to the leading clause. 

It may follow, referring to following clause, or ex- 
planatory of the leading clause. 

152 EMPHASIS AS MODIFYING ORDER. 

Separation of words belonging together emphasizes. 

When two similar groups of words occur, the order of 

the first is reversed in the second; as, adj., noun: noun, 

adj. 

Kindred words are to be placed together. 

153 TABLE OF CONSTRUCTION. 

To translate (nouns and pronouns are to be treated 
alike). 



28 OUTI.INKS OF I.ATIN EI.KMENTS. 

A Noun 

a Following a noun is gen, usually. See rules of gen. 

with nouns. (68). 

b derived from a verb taking dative is dative. (80). 

154 Following an adjective 

a of mental qualities is gen. (69). 

b denoting plenty or want is gen. (69). 

c denoting a part of which the noun is the whole is 

gen. (69). 
d verbals in -ax or pres. part, is gen. (69). 
e denoting useful &c. (such as have '*to" between 

adj. and noun) is dat. (79). 
/with "as to" is ace. or abl. of specification. (87). 

155 Following an adverb 

derived from adj. taking dative is dative. (81). 

156 Following a verb 

a denoting * 'belongs to" or "is the character or duty 
of" is gen. (70). 

b of value is gen. (70). 

c denoting pity, remember, forget, is gen. (70). 

d denoting "it concerns", "is of interest" is gen. un- 
less it be a personal pro. (70). 
Following a verb 

a of judicial action is gen. of crime. (70). 

b of plenty or want is gen. (plenty may be abl.) (70). 

c of emotion is gen. of cause. (70). 

d as indirect object (see Latin rule) is dat. (72). 

e compounded with certain prepositions (see Latin 
rule) is dat. (74). 

f Esse may have one of four constructions: predicate 
nom.; possessive gen. (see rule 70); possessive dat, 
(see rule 75); double dative (see rule 78). 

g of agent ("<^jj/") ''^nust be'' is Dat. (verb will be 
pass, periphrastic, and the dat. will be subject in 
English). (76). 

h as direct object is ace. (82). 



KNGI.ISH INTO LATIN. 29 

/ denoting make, choose, etc. is double ace. (83). 
k denoting ask, teach, conceal, etc. is double ace. 

(but see Latin rule 84) . 

utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, is abl. (108). 

157 SPECIAL. 

a Place in which is locative (gen. ist or 2d sing.; 

but abl otherwise ) . (71). 
^ Place from which is ablative. (91). 
c Place to which is accusative. (86). 
d Person interested, without any strictly grammatical 

construction. Ethical Dat. (77). 
e Time (duration), ace. (85). 
/ Space (duration), ace. (85). 
g Time (in which), abl. (98). 
h "As to", ace. or abl. of specification (see Latin 

rule . 87-99). 
i Exclamation, ace. (89). 
k Cause, Manner, Means, Instrument, abl. (manner 

takes cu7n 95-102.) 
/ Price, definite, abl; indef. , gen. (70-103). 
m Absolute construction, abl. (no). 
n Degree of difference ("by" after comparative), 

abl. (106). 
With than after comparative, abl. If quam be 

used, same case as precedes. In such case, always 

mentally complete the than clause. (105). 
p With dignus, indignus, contentus, abl. (107). 

158 Following a preposition. 

a of — gen.; but if "of" means "from", abl.; with 

worthy, abl. 
b at — (value), gen.; place (near), ace; in, locative 

gen. or abl. 
c to — dative; at, near or towards, ace 
d by — abl. ; after gerundive, dat. ; degree of difference, 

abl. 



30 OUTLINES OF I,ATIN KlyKMENTS. 

e for — dat. ; extent of time or space, ace; price, abl. 
(See list of prepositions). 

159 TRANSLATING THE INFINITIVE. 

Use Latin inf. after auxiliaries, or when the infin. 
makes a single act with leading verbs; as, "began to 
speak." (49). 

160 Use ace. and inf (i) after "that" following verbs 
denoting an operation of the mind or senses; (2) as 
subject of impersonals; (3) to represent English obj. 
and inf. Note that verbs denothing emotion or feeling 
take "ut" as the purpose or result of the feeling, or 
"quod" as the cause of feeling. The impersonals con- 
tingit, evenit, accidit, restat, reliquum est. fit (happen 
or remain) take ut, as do also some phrases with est. 
(48, 117, 137, 139). In "he was the first to" omit 
''was", and make the inf. indie. For inf of purpose 
see ways of expressing purpose. 

161 PURPOSE. 

a Ut, ne, quo, quominus wdth subj. (see list of con- 
nectives — "that" 121). 

b Supine in -um after verbs of motion. (60). 

c Gen. of gerund with caiisa or ace. with ad. "for 
-ing" (177). 

d Future active (turns) participle. 

e Infinitive (poetic). (52). 

162 RESUIvT. 

Ut, qui, quin (see list of connectives; "that" 121). 

163 THE NOUN. 

In translating a noun, determine its case by the table of 
construction (153 &c.); then use table of endings (i). 

164 THE PRONOUN. 

In translating a pronoun, follow directions for nouns. 
A demonstrative referring to the subject is sui, not ille, 
&c. (see 15-29). 



^ ENGLISH INTO LATIN. 3 1 

165 THK ADJECTIVE. 

In translating an adj., be careful to make it agree with 
its noun. The adj. pro. is often omitted in Latin. 
(Use 11-13 and 138, at close). 

166 THE ADVERB. 

In translating an adv. remember that it is often repre- 
sented by oblique cases of nouns or pronouns. 

167 THE VERB. 

In translating a verb consult 30-67. For proper form 
(if irreg.) consult grammar. For the mode consult 
41-53. If subordinate after a connective, examine 
116 &c. If very subordinate, the English connective 
may be omitted, and the verb may be translated as a 
part., or as abl. absol. with its subject. (54, no). 

168 "Should" "after that" becomes infin.; pres., except 
after a past tense, or when expressing dut3\ (ist is 
ace. and inf.; 2d is pass, periphrastic — 117, 149). 

169 "Would." Use the subj. in conditions. Use ace. and 
inf. after a past tense and "that." Use act. periphras- 
tic to denote strong futurity. (148). 

170 "Ought." Use oportet to express a moral claim, and 
debeo for a moral obligation (personal). For duty or 
necessity, use the passive periphrastic if the verb has 
that form. (149). 

171 "Have." Use habeo to express "hold" or "keep." 
Use esse with the dative of the possessor and nom. of 
thing possessed to express possession. Use the pass, 
periphastic to express "have to." Use euro with 
the passive periphrastic for " have (cause) a thing (to 
be) done." (70, 149). 

172 For imperative use present subj. in .softened forms. (46). 

173 THE PARTICIPLE. 

For the participle, consult 54. The Latin part, may 
represent an English verb when the latter is very 
subordinate in time, cau.se or condition. 



32 OUTWNKS OF I,ATIN EI.KMKNTS. 

174 PRKPOSITIONS AND CONNECTIVKS. 

In translating prepositions and connectives consult 
III &c., 130 &c. 

175 THK CLAUSE). 

In translating clauses, determine the character of the 
clause, its proper connective and mode 1 15-129. If a 
clause which logically follows be made to precede, some 
word — usually the subject — in the 2d must be expressed 
in the ist. 

176 I.IST OF BNGIvISH PREPOSITIONS. 
N. B. — Always consult the I^atin list also. 

ABOUT — circa, circum, circiter; number^ ad; place ^ ad; 
person^ apud, accompaniment^ cum; concerning, de, 
indefinite, quasi; time, sub; with infinitive, the peri- 
phrastic active. 

ABOVE — super, supra; out of, ex; Tnore, plus and abl., 
beyond, praeter, ante; with "'age'\ gen. or abl. of 
time, with major. 

ACCORDING TO— ex, ad, secundum, pro. 

ACCOUNT OF — per; ergo with post-positive gen. ; propter. 

AFTER — space & rank, secundum, sub; thne, post, 
secundum, ab, ex, de; abl. absolute. 

AGAINST — defense, ad, adversus, adversum; time, ante; 
dum, in; contrary, adversus, contra, praeter; by or at, 
ad, ante; abl. absol. with invitus or repugnans; 
action or feeling against, in and ace. of person. 

ALONG — per, secundum; along with, una cum. 

AMID — inter, in medio. 

AMONG — \n\.&r; people, in, apnd; from among, ex, de. 

AROUND — (see about). 

AS TO — de, quod, quantum ad, ace. or abl. of specifica- 
tion; as for, quod attinet ad . 

AT — ad; (see about); near, sub; in, in; with, cum; before, 
pro, apud (persons); locative case; adverbs. 

BEFORE — position, ante; presence, apud, face to face^ 






I.ATIN INTO KNGlvISH. 33 

coram; in vieWy ob; openly^ -palsLm; front of, prae; with 
''than'\ praeter quam; space, pro; 7iear, sub; with 
''town", ad. 

BEHIND — ^osi;from behind, a tergo; backward, retro, re- 
— ] following, secundum. 

BELOW — sub, subter, infra; less, minor with 2\A.', from 
below, ab imo. 

BENEATH — (sce below). 

BESIDE — close-joined, juxta; near, prope, ^ro^tox , follow- 
ing, secundum; over a?id above, praeter; on the side, e 
latere. 

BETWEEN — inter, in medio; space between, intervallum; 
betwee7i whiles, interdum. 

BEYOND — to other side, trans, super; on other side, ultra, 
trans; more than, supra, plus, amplius; above, praeter; 
without, sine. 

BUT — praeter, excepto, nisi; nothing but, nihil aliud nisi; 
abl. absol.; but that, quin. 

BY — Place-, at, did; presence, aipvid; Joined to, juxta; near, 
prope, propter, sub; following, secundum; passiiig, 
praeter. 

Time-, at, ad; within, intra; with, cum. 
Mea7is\ from, ex. 

Cause-, through, ^&r-,fro7n, ab; on acct. of, propter; in 
view of, ob in composition, dat.; agent, ab; in in & 
abl.; adverbs. 

CONCERNING — dc, quod, ad. 

DOWN — de (usually in composition). 

DURING — per, dum; abl. absol.; ace. of time. 

EXCEPT — nisi, praeter, extra. 

FOR — ad, de, ex; ti77te, ace; ob, per, pro, propter; 
owing to {obstacles) prae; as for, quod attinet ad; 
gen. of value; dat. ;ybr instance, post-positive genitive 
with causa, gratia, erga; adv; obj. gen.; ad with ger- 
undive; included in verb; not translated in apposition 
nor ace. and inf. ; for 77iy part, ego quidem. 



34 OUTI.INES OF LATIN KLKMKNTS. 

FROM — ab, de, ex; abl. of cause; in the verb; absol. ; 
omit after conceal (84). 

IN — in and abl.; lasting, per; adv; abl.; before, apud; in 
an ajithor, apud; in front, a fronte; in question, de 
quo agitur. 

INTO — in and ace. 

NEAR — prope and ace. 

ov—from, ab; co7icerning, de; out of, ex, per, super; 
gen.; of his oivn accord, sua sponte; with pers. pro., 
use poss. pro.; in ''rest of ' untranslated. 

OFF — {from off) de. 

ON — ad, in, de; abl.; locative; adv.; ex, in in composi- 
tion. 

OUT OF — ab, de, ex, extra, prae, pro, propter, super, 
per in composition with an adj.; oict of doors, foras. 

OVER — super, ad, praeter, iterum; in comp.; over with, 
actum de — ; over a river, in; over people, de, ex. 

SINCE — ex, post, ab. 

TILL — ad, usque, in, ante, dum, donee, quoad. 

THROUGH — per, propter, ex, ab; cause, abl. 

TO — ad; adversum, apud, cum, erga, prae, pro, in; to no 
purpose, frustra; to each other, inter se; with inf., often 
gerundive. 

TOWARD — adversus, contra, erga (favorable disposi- 
tions), in, obviam, sub, versus. 

UNDER — abl. with sub; under age, see over; subter; 
infra; inferior. 

UNTO — ad; tenus (gen. or abl.) as far as. 

UP — (adv. sursum); in composition; see unto. 

UPON — in; abl. absol.; de; super; ad. 

WITH — cum; i7i house, prese?ice, mi7id, estimation, apud- 
after ''do'\ de; adverb. 

WITHOUT — sine; expers and gen.; to be without, carere; 
in composition; extra; ultra. 

WITHIN — in, intra, cis. 



LATIN INTO ENGLISH. 35 

177 PREPOSITIONS WITH NOUN IN -ING. 

FROM -ING: ne, quominus, quin, and subj. see 121; 

eo quod and subj. (124). 

Far from -ing, tantum abest ut and subj. 
BY -ING: gerund in -do or gerundive in agreement; 

abl. absol. (55-58, no). 
IN -ING: in hoc quod, and subj. (124). 
WITHOUT -ING: non and perf. part. ; non and abl. absol.; 

neque and verb (113); ut non and subj. (121); 

quin and subj. (121). 
TO -ING: ad and gerund (55-58). 
THROUGH -ING: gerundive; abl. of gerund; ex eo 

quod and subj. (55-58, 124). 
OF -ING: gerund in-di or gerundive in gen. When of \'$> 

with leading verb, inf. (159); or, if impersonal, 

periphrastic (137); quod and Subj. (124). 
INSTEAD OF -ING: ac non potius and verb, when follow- 
ing another verb; quum and debeo or possum. 
FOR -ING: quod and subj . (124); cur and subj. (46); 

quamobrem and subj. (46); qui and subj. (121); 

ad. and gerund (59). 
AFTER -ING: Perf. Participle (54, no), 




